Kulo nyaka uphelileyo ka-2023, intengiso yezithuthi zombane izuze utshintsho olukhawulezayo lwentengiso kwaye yabonisa amabhongo okukhawulezisa kwikamva. Kumazwe amaninzi, i-2025 iya kuba lixesha lenjongo ethile. Ukuziqhelanisa kule minyaka yakutsha nje kuye kwangqina ukuba ukufakwa kombane kwezothutho yinguqu yamandla ezinzileyo ezibophelele ekujonganeni nengxaki yemozulu kunye nokusebenzela inkqubo yendalo eluhlaza. Uphando lwabathengi lubonisa ukuba ukutshaja kwe-EV ngumqobo ophambili wokwamkelwa kwe-EV. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba abathengi bakholelwa ukuba ukutshaja kwe-EV kuthembekile, kulula, kulula, kwaye kuyafikeleleka, ngoko ke ukuzimisela kwabo ukuthenga ii-EV kuya kuba namandla.
Njengenxalenye ephambili yenkqubo yokutshaja isithuthi sombane, ukulungelelaniswa kwekhonkco lokutshaja, ukuthembeka, kunye nokusebenza ngokuthe ngqo kukuchaphazela ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-EVs kunye namava okuhlawula abanikazi bemoto. Nangona imigangatho yokutshaja iziqhagamshelo kwihlabathi liphela ingadityaniswanga, abanye bayarhoxa kulo mdlalo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqonda iintlobo zezixhumi zokutshaja kusenentsingiselo kuphuhliso lwexesha elide lwee-EV kunye nokusetyenziswa kwakhona kweminye imifuziselo endala yombane.
Ngokohlobo lokutshaja, ukutshaja kwe-EV kunokohlulwa kube yi-direct current(DC) kunye ne-alternating current (AC). Amandla avela kwigridi ahlala etshintshana ngoku, ngelixa iibhetri kufuneka zigcine amandla ngendlela yangoku ngqo. Ukutshaja kwe-DC kufuna isiguquli esakhelwe kwitshaja ukuguqula umsinga oguqukayo ube ngumbane othe ngqo ukuze isixa esikhulu samandla sifumaneke ngokukhawuleza kwaye sidluliselwe kwibhetri ye-EV. Ukutshaja kwe-AC kufuna ukuba itshaja engaphakathi emotweni iguqule amandla e-AC abe ngamandla e-DC kwaye iwagcine ebhetrini. Ke, umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwezi ndlela zimbini kukuba isiguquli sikwitshaja okanye imoto.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kulo mzobo ungentla, ngophuhliso lweshishini lemoto yombane ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ii-automakers ziye zaseka imigangatho yoqhagamshelwano lokutshaja oluqhelekileyo olusekwe kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yokuthengisa. Uhlobo lwe-AC lwe-1 kunye ne-DC CCS1 eMntla Melika, kunye ne-AC Type 2 kunye ne-DC CCS2 eYurophu. I-DC yaseJapan isebenzisa i-CHAdeMO, kwaye abanye basebenzisa iCCS1. Imarike yaseTshayina isebenzisa umgangatho we-GB/T njengomgangatho welizwe wokutshaja isithuthi sombane. Ukongeza, i-EV enkulu yeTesla inesiqhagamshelo sayo sokutshaja esikhethekileyo.
Isidibanisi sokuTshaja se-AC
Iitshaja zasekhaya kunye neetshaja kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke ezifana neendawo zokusebenza, iivenkile ezinkulu, iihotele, kunye nethiyetha ngoku ikakhulu ziiTjaja zeAC. Abanye baya kuba nentambo yokutshaja eqhotyoshelweyo, abanye abayi.
I-J1772-Uhlobo lwe-1 Isidibanisi
Ngokusekelwe kumgangatho we-SAE J1772 kwaye yenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kunye ne-120 V okanye i-240 V iinkqubo ze-AC zesigaba esisodwa. Lo mgangatho wokutshaja we-AC usetyenziswa kuMntla Merika nase-Asiya, njengaseJapani naseKorea, kwaye uxhasa kuphela isigaba esinye semilinganiselo yokutshaja ye-AC.
Umgangatho ukwachaza amanqanaba okutshaja: i-AC Level 1 ukuya kwi-1.92kW kunye ne-AC Level 2 ukuya kwi-19.2kW. Izikhululo zokutshaja ze-AC zikawonke-wonke ziphantse ukuba zitshaja zeNqanaba lesi-2 kuphela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zabantu zokutshaja kwindawo yokupaka, kwaye iitshaja zasekhaya zeNqanaba lesi-2 nazo zidume kakhulu.
Mennekes-Uhlobo 2 Isiqhagamshelo
Eyilwe nguMennekes, ichazwe yi-European Union njengomgangatho wokutshaja we-AC kwimarike yaseYurophu kwaye yamkelwe ngamanye amazwe amaninzi. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlawulisa ii-EVs nge-230V enye-isigaba okanye i-480V inqanaba lesithathu le-AC amandla. Amandla aphezulu ombane wesigaba sesithathu anokufikelela kwi-43kW, ehlangabezana kakhulu neemfuno zokutshaja zabanikazi be-EV.
Kwizikhululo zokutshaja ze-AC zikawonke-wonke eYurophu, ukuze zihambelane nemarike ye-EV eyahlukeneyo, iintambo zokutshaja zihlala zingancanyathiselwe kwiitshaja. Abaqhubi be-EV ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka baphathe iintambo zabo zokutshaja (ezikwabizwa ngokuba yi-BYO cables) ukudibanisa itshaja kwizithuthi zabo.
I-Workersbee isanda kuqalisa i-EV yokutshaja intambo ye-2.3, engagcini kuphela umgangatho wayo ophezulu ohambelanayo kunye nokuhambelana okuphezulu kodwa isebenzisa itekhnoloji egqunywe ngerabha ye-terminal ukufezekisa amava okhuseleko olugqibeleleyo. Kwangaxeshanye, ulawulo lwekhebula luphuculwe kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko zokusetyenziswa kwabathengi. Uyilo lwekliphu yentambo kunye neVelcro yenza kube lula kwaye kuyonwabisa ukuba abathengi bayisebenzise ngalo lonke ixesha.
Isidibanisi esisemgangathweni sesizwe saseTshayina sokutshaja kwe-EV siyafana kakhulu noHlobo lwesi-2 kulwandlalo. Nangona kunjalo, ulwalathiso lweentambo zayo zangaphakathi kunye neeprothokholi zesignali zahluke ngokupheleleyo. Isigaba esinye se-AC 250V, okwangoku ukuya kwi-32A. Isigaba sesithathu se-AC 440V, okwangoku ukuya kwi-63A.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ngokukhula okugqabhukileyo kwe-EV yaseTshayina yokuthunyelwa ngaphandle, iziqhagamshelo ze-GB/T ziye zaziwa ngokukhawuleza kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe. Ukongeza kwi-China, kukho imfuno enkulu ye-GB / T yokudibanisa ukutshaja kuMbindi Mpuma kunye namazwe e-CIS.
Nangona impikiswano malunga neenzuzo kunye neengxaki ze-AC kunye ne-DC zishushu kakhulu, kunye nokuthandwa okukhulu kwee-EVs, kungxamisekile ukwandisa inani kunye nomlinganiselo wokutshaja kwe-DC ngokukhawuleza.
Inkqubo yokuTshaja eDityanisiweyo:CCS1 Isiqhagamshelo
Ngokusekwe kuLuhlu lokutshaja lwe-AC lwe-1, iitheminali ze-DC (i-Combo 1) zongezwa kumandla aphezulu we-DC ukutshaja ngokukhawuleza ukuya kuma-350kw.
Nangona i-Tesla yokutshaja ikhonkco ekhankanywe ngezantsi idla ngokuphambanayo isabelo semarike ye-CCS1, i-CCS1 iya kuba nayo indawo kwimarike ngenxa yokukhuselwa komgaqo-nkqubo wenkxaso-mali owawubhengezwe ngaphambili e-US.
I-Workersbee, umboneleli wokudibanisa ukutshaja kudala emiselwe, akakayincami intengiso yakhe kwi-CCS1, ehambisana neentsingiselo zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuphucula iimveliso zayo. Imveliso idlulile isatifikethi se-UL, kwaye ukuthembeka kwayo kunye nokhuseleko kuye kwadunyiswa ngamxhelo mnye ngabathengi.
Ngaphandle kweMelika, iJapan kunye neSouth Korea nazo ziya kwamkela lo mgangatho wokutshaja weDC (ewe, iJapan nayo inesiqhagamshelanisi sayo se-CHAdeMO DC).
Inkqubo yokuTshaja eDityanisiweyo:CCS2 Isidibanisi
Ngokufana ne-CCS1, i-CCS2 yongeza ii-terminals ze-DC (i-Combo 2) ngokusekelwe kwi-Type 2 AC yokutshaja ikhonkco kwaye iyona nto idibanisa i-DC yokutshaja eYurophu. Ngokungafani ne-CCS1, abafowunelwa be-AC (L1, L2, L3, kunye no-N) be-Type 2 kwi-CCS2 ikhonkco baye basuswa ngokupheleleyo, beshiya abafowunelwa abathathu kuphela bokunxibelelana kunye nokukhusela umhlaba.
I-Workersbee iphuhlise iziqhagamshelo zokupholisa zendalo ezinezibonelelo ezingabizi kakhulu kunye nezo zokupholisa ulwelo ezineengenelo ezisebenzayo zeCCS2′s yamandla aphezulu eDC iziqhagamshelo zokutshaja ngokukhawuleza.
Kuyafaneleka ukukhankanya ukuba i-CCS2 yendalo yokutshaja ukupholisa isidibanisi i-1.1 sele ikwazi ukufikelela kwimveliso eqhubekayo eqhubekayo ukuya kwi-375A yangoku ephezulu. Indlela emangalisayo yokulawula ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa itsale ingqalelo enkulu kubenzi beemoto kunye nabavelisi bezixhobo zokutshaja.
Isidibanisi sokupholisa ulwelo i-CCS2 esijongene neemfuno zexesha elizayo singakwazi ukuphumeza imveliso yangoku ezinzileyo ye-600A. Indawo ephakathi iyafumaneka kwi-oyile yokupholisa kunye nokupholisa amanzi, kwaye ukusebenza kakuhle kokupholisa kuphezulu kunokupholisa kwendalo.
CHAdeMO Connector
Izixhumi zokutshaja ze-DC eJapan, kunye nezinye izikhululo zokutshaja e-US naseYurophu nazo zibonelela ngeendawo zokuthengisa ze-CHAdeMO, kodwa aziyomfuneko zomgaqo-nkqubo osisinyanzelo. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo lweemarike zeCCS kunye nezixhumi zeTesla, i-CHAdeMO iye yabonisa ngokuthe ngcembe ubuthathaka kwaye ide ifakwe kuluhlu "olungaqwalaselwanga" ngabavelisi abaninzi bezixhobo zokutshaja kunye nabaqhubi.
GB/T DC Isiqhagamshelo
Umgangatho wokutshaja we-DC ohlaziyiweyo wamva nje waseTshayina wonyusa ubuninzi bangoku ukuya kwi-800A. Kuyinzuzo enkulu ekuveleni kweemodeli ezintsha zombane ezinomthamo omkhulu kunye noluhlu olude kwimarike, ukukhawulezisa ukuthandwa kunye nophuhliso lokutshaja ngokukhawuleza kunye nokutshaja okuphezulu.
Ukuphendula kwiingxelo zeemarike malunga nokusebenza kakubi kwenkqubo yokugcinwa kwekhonkco ye-DC, efana nekhonkco ejongene nokuwa okanye ukuvula ukungaphumeleli, i-Workersbee iye yaphucula i-GB / T DC ikhonkco.
Amandla okuvala ikhonkco anyuswa ukuphepha ukungaphumeleli kokudibanisa nesithuthi, ukuphucula ukuthembeka kunye namava omsebenzisi. Ukongezelela, akuphuculi nje kuphela ukuzinza kwesitshixo se-elektroniki kodwa kwamkela uyilo olukhawulezayo lokutshintshwa, olunciphisa iindleko zokugcinwa kokusetyenziswa kwe-high-frequency.
I-Tesla Connector: i-NACS Connector
Uyilo oludityanisiweyo lwe-AC kunye ne-DC luyisiqingatha sobukhulu be-CCS yokudibanisa, intle kwaye ilula. Njengomenzi we-automaker we-maverick, uTesla wathiya umdibaniso wokutshaja njengomgangatho wokuTshaja waseMntla waseMelika.
Lo mnqweno waba yinyani kungekudala.
I-Tesla ivule umgangatho wayo wokudibanisa ukutshaja kwaye wamema ezinye iinkampani zeemoto kunye neenethiwekhi zokutshaja ukuba ziyisebenzise, enempembelelo enkulu kwimarike yokutshaja.
Iimoto ezinkulu ezibandakanya iGeneral Motors, Ford, kunye neMercedes-Benz baye bajoyina ngokulandelelana. Kutshanje, i-SAE nayo iyilungelelanise kwaye iyichaza njenge-J3400.
ChaoJi Isidibanisi
Ikhokelwe yi-China kwaye iphuhliswe ngokudibeneyo ngamazwe amaninzi, isinxibelelanisi se-ChaoJi sidibanisa iingenelo zeziqhagamshelo zokutshaja ze-DC eziphambili, ziphucula iziphene, kwaye zandisa ukuhambelana okwahlukeneyo kwengingqi, zijolise ekuphumezeni imisinga ephezulu yehlabathi kunye neemfuno zokwandiswa kobungqina bexesha elizayo. Isisombululo sobugcisa sivunywe ngamxhelo mnye yi-IEC kwaye ibe ngumgangatho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Nangona kunjalo, phantsi kokhuphiswano oluqatha lwe-NACS, ikamva lophuhliso alikacaci.
Ukudityaniswa kwezixhumi zokutshaja kunokuphucula ukusebenzisana kwezixhobo zokutshaja, okuya kuthi ngokungathandabuzekiyo kuzuze ukwamkelwa okubanzi kwee-EVs. Kananjalo iya kunciphisa iindleko zegalelo labenzi beemoto kunye nokuhlawulisa abavelisi bezixhobo nabaqhubi, kwaye ikhuthaze uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo lokufakelwa kombane wothutho.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yezithintelo zemigaqo-nkqubo kunye nemigangatho karhulumente, kukwakho nezithintelo kwizinto ezinomdla kunye nobuchwepheshe phakathi kwee-automakers ezahlukeneyo kunye nababoneleli bezixhobo zokutshaja, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima kakhulu ukudibanisa imigangatho yokutshaja kwehlabathi jikelele. Isalathiso semigangatho yokudibanisa intlawulo iya kulandela ukhetho lwemarike. Isabelo semarike yabathengi sinquma ukuba ngawaphi amaqela aya kuba nokuhleka kokugqibela, kwaye abanye banokudibanisa okanye banyamalale.
Njengovulindlela ekuhlawuleni izisombululo, i-Workersbee izimisele ukukhuthaza uphuhliso kunye nokulinganisa izihlanganisi. Zombini iimveliso zethu ze-AC kunye ne-DC ziphumelele igama elihle kwimarike kwaye zenze igalelo elilungileyo kuphuhliso lweshishini lokutshaja. Sihlala sijonge phambili ekusebenzeni kunye neenkokheli ezibalaseleyo kwishishini ukwakha ikamva lezothutho eliluhlaza.
I-Workersbee ibonelela amaqabane ethu ngezisombululo ezingcono zokutshaja iimoto zombane ngeemveliso ezikumgangatho ophezulu, itekhnoloji yokusika, kunye namandla emveliso eyomeleleyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-12-2024